Operators
in JAVA
Operators are special
characters within the Java language to manipulate primitive data
types. Java operators can be classified as :
Ø Unary : Takes one argument.
These operators appear before (prefix) its argument or after (postfix) its
argument.
Ø Binary : Takes two
arguments. These operators appear between its arguments.
Ø Ternary : Takes three
arguments. These operators appear between its arguments.
Different types of Operators in java
The Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators
are used in mathematical expressions in the same way that they are used in
algebra. The following table lists the arithmetic operators −
Assume integer
variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then
Operator
|
Description
|
Example
|
+ (Addition)
|
Adds values on either side of the operator.
|
A + B will give 30
|
- (Subtraction)
|
Subtracts right-hand
operand from left-hand operand.
|
A - B will give -10
|
* (Multiplication)
|
Multiplies values on either side of the operator.
|
A * B will give 200
|
/ (Division)
|
Divides left-hand
operand by right-hand operand.
|
B / A will give 2
|
% (Modulus)
|
Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand and
returns remainder.
|
B % A will give 0
|
++ (Increment)
|
Increases the value
of operand by 1.
|
B++ gives 21
|
-- (Decrement)
|
Decreases the value of operand by 1.
|
B-- gives 19
|
The Relational Operators
There are following
relational operators supported by Java language.
Assume variable A
holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
Operator
|
Description
|
Example
|
== (equal to)
|
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if
yes then condition becomes true.
|
(A == B) is not true.
|
!= (not equal to)
|
Checks if the values
of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition
becomes true.
|
(A != B) is true.
|
> (greater than)
|
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
|
(A > B) is not true.
|
< (less than)
|
Checks if the value
of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then
condition becomes true.
|
(A < B) is true.
|
>= (greater than or equal to)
|
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or
equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
|
(A >= B) is not true.
|
<= (less than or equal to)
|
Checks if the value
of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes
then condition becomes true.
|
(A <= B) is true.
|
The Bitwise Operators
Java defines several
bitwise operators, which can be applied to the integer types, long, int, short,
char, and byte.Bitwise operator
works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. Assume if a = 60 and b = 13; now in binary format they will be as
follows −
a = 0011 1100
b = 0000 1101
-----------------
a&b = 0000 1100
a|b = 0011 1101
a^b = 0011 0001
~a = 1100 0011
The following table
lists the bitwise operators −
Assume integer variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13 then −
Assume integer variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13 then −
Operator
|
Description
|
Example
|
& (bitwise and)
|
Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it
exists in both operands.
|
(A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100
|
| (bitwise or)
|
Binary OR Operator copies
a bit if it exists in either operand.
|
(A | B) will give 61
which is 0011 1101
|
^ (bitwise XOR)
|
Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one
operand but not both.
|
(A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001
|
~ (bitwise compliment)
|
Binary Ones Complement
Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
|
(~A ) will give -61
which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number.
|
<< (left shift)
|
Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is
moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
|
A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
|
>> (right shift)
|
Binary Right Shift
Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits
specified by the right operand.
|
A >> 2 will
give 15 which is 1111
|
>>> (zero fill right shift)
|
Shift right zero fill operator. The left operands value
is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand and
shifted values are filled up with zeros.
|
A >>>2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111
|
The Logical Operators
The following table
lists the logical operators −
Assume Boolean
variables A holds true and variable B holds false, then −
Operator
|
Description
|
Example
|
&& (logical and)
|
Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are
non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
|
(A && B) is false
|
|| (logical or)
|
Called Logical OR
Operator. If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes
true.
|
(A || B) is true
|
! (logical not)
|
Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical
state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will
make false.
|
!(A && B) is true
|
The Assignment Operators
Following are the
assignment operators supported by Java language −
Operator
|
Description
|
Example
|
=
|
Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right
side operands to left side operand.
|
C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
|
+=
|
Add AND assignment
operator. It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to
left operand.
|
C += A is equivalent
to C = C + A
|
-=
|
Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts right
operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand.
|
C -= A is equivalent to C = C – A
|
*=
|
Multiply AND
assignment operator. It multiplies right operand with the left operand and
assign the result to left operand.
|
C *= A is equivalent
to C = C * A
|
/=
|
Divide AND assignment operator. It divides left operand
with the right operand and assign the result to left operand.
|
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
|
%=
|
Modulus AND
assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assign the
result to left operand.
|
C %= A is equivalent
to C = C % A
|
<<=
|
Left shift AND assignment operator.
|
C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
|
>>=
|
Right shift AND
assignment operator.
|
C >>= 2 is
same as C = C >> 2
|
&=
|
Bitwise AND assignment operator.
|
C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
|
^=
|
bitwise exclusive OR
and assignment operator.
|
C ^= 2 is same as C
= C ^ 2
|
|=
|
bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.
|
C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2
|
The Conditional Operator ( ? : )
Conditional operator
is also known as the ternary operator. This operator consists of three
operands and is used to evaluate Boolean expressions. The goal of the operator
is to decide, which value should be assigned to the variable. The operator is
written as −
variable x = (expression) ? value if true : value if false
variable x = (expression) ? value if true : value if false
Following is an example −
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a, b;
a = 10;
b = (a == 1) ? 20: 30;
System.out.println( "Value of b is : " + b );
b = (a == 10) ? 20: 30;
System.out.println( "Value of b is : " + b );
}
}
Output
Value
of b is : 30
Value
of b is : 20
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